Responsabilidade filial: quais as atitudes dos filhos sobre a institucionalização dos pais idosos? / Responsabilidad filial: ¿cuáles son las actitudes de los hijos sobre la institucionalización de los padres mayores? / Filial responsibility: what are the attitudes of adult child caregivers on the institutionalization of aged parents?

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar as atitudes de responsabilidade filial sobre a institucionalização dos pais idosos. MÉTODOS Estudo qualitativo com amostra intencional de 100 filhos cuidadores de idosos de duas Unidades de Saúde de Porto Alegre/RS. As informações foram coletadas em 2014, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada. A análise baseou-se na análise temática. Foi utilizado o software NVIVO® versão 10. RESULTADOS Elaboraram-se duas categorias de acordo com as questões do protocolo: possibilidade de institucionalização dos pais idosos e expectativa de cuidado. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS A maioria dos filhos cuidadores não considerou a institucionalização dos pais idosos, por julgarem ser um dever deles o cuidado aos pais, e considerarem a institucionalização como abandono. A maioria dos filhos cuidadores possuía expectativa de ser cuidada pelos filhos e percebeu a institucionalização como forma de receber este cuidado. Os resultados do estudo contribuem para o fortalecimento da rede formal e informal ao idoso e seu filho cuidador.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar las actitudes de responsabilidad filial sobre la institucionalización de los padres mayores. MÉTODOS Estudio cualitativo con muestra intencional de 100 hijos cuidadores de personas mayores de dos Unidades de Salud de Porto Alegre/RS. Las informaciones se recolectaron en 2014, por medio de entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis se basó en el análisis temático. Se utilizó el software NVIVO®, versión 10. RESULTADOS Se elaboraron dos categorías, según las cuestiones del protocolo: posibilidad de institucionalización de los padres mayores y expectativa del cuidado. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES La mayoría de los hijos cuidadores no consideró la institucionalización de los padres ancianos, por juzgar ser un deber de ellos el cuidado de los padres, y por considerar la institucionalización como abandono. La mayoría de los hijos cuidadores tenía la expectativa de ser cuidada por los hijos y pasó a ver a la institucionalización como una forma de recibir este cuidado. Los resultados del estudio contribuyen al fortalecimiento de la red formal e informal al anciano y su hijo cuidador.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze attitudes of filial responsibility about the institutionalization of aged parents. METHODS A qualitative descriptive study with intentional sample of 100 caregivers of aged people from two Primary Health Care Units of Porto Alegre/Brazil. The information was collected in 2014, through a semi-structured interview. Thematic analysis was carried out. The NVIVO® software version 10 was used. RESULTS Two categories were elaborated according to the protocol questions: the possibility of institutionalization of the aged parents and expectation of care. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS Most adult child caregivers did not consider the institutionalization of aged parents in the reason of a duty they felt to take care of their parents, and the institutionalization was considered as abandonment. Most of the adult child caregivers had an expectation to be cared by their children and perceived the institutionalization as an alternative of receiving this care. The results of the study contribute to the strengthening of the formal and informal network for the aged and their adult child caregiver.

Obsessive-compulsive symptoms in children with first degree relatives diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Objective: A first-degree relative affected by obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) in childhood is an important risk factor for developing the disorder in adulthood. The relationship between a family history of OCD and the presence of OCS and its correlates in childhood is not well established. Methods: A total of 66 children whose parents or siblings have been diagnosed with OCD were assessed for the presence of OCS and clinical correlates. Results: Three children (4.5%) were reported to have received an OCD diagnosis and another 26 (39.4%) were identified as having OCS. Children with OCS had higher rates of coercive behavior and came from families with lower socioeconomic status. Contamination/cleaning dimension symptoms in the proband were associated with OCS in the assessed children. Conclusion: OCS are frequent among family members of individuals with OCD and are associated with socioeconomic status, coercive behaviors and proband contamination/cleaning symptoms. Future longitudinal studies should test the risk of developing OCD in association with these characteristics.

Correlations between caregiver psychiatric symptoms and offspring psychopathology in a low-resource setting

Objective: Associations between parental/caregiver depression and adverse child outcomes are well established and have been described through one or more mechanisms: child psychopathology following exposure to a depressed caregiver, child psychopathology exacerbating a caregiver's depression, and caregiver and offspring depression sharing the same etiology. Data from low and middle-income countries is scarce. We examined correlations between common symptoms of mental disorders in caregivers and their offspring's psychopathology in a Brazilian sample. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, adult caregivers were screened for depression during routine home visits by community health workers as part of the Brazilian Family Health Strategy. Caregivers with suspected depression were assessed using the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20). Children's symptoms were evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Results: The sample included 68 primary caregivers and 110 children aged 6 to 15 years. Higher caregiver scores on the SRQ-20 correlated significantly with psychiatric symptoms in offspring. Conclusion: These results substantiate our hypothesis that child psychopathology correlates with caregivers' psychiatric symptoms. This paper adds to the growing literature on community mental health assessment and can help guide future strategies for reducing the burden of common mental disorders in caregivers and children alike in low and middle-income countries.

Experiencias de haber crecido con un padre/madre con trastorno mental severo (TMS) / Experiences of growing up with a parent with serious mental illness (SMI)

Introduction: The experience of living with people who present a Severe Mental Disorder (SMD) is hard for the families, especially for children who have been less studied. This research was aimed to know how the experience of having lived with a parent with severe mental disorder influenced on childhood, adolescence and young adulthood of their children. Method: The experience of coexistence with a parent with SMD in 10 children (6 men and 4 women) aged between 18 and 29 years was analyzed through individual semi-structured interviews and a group interview. The sample was obtained by convenience and all participants lived at least two continuous years during their childhood with a parent who presented SMD. Regarding the diagnoses, four parents suffered schizophrenia and six, bipolar disorder. The study is qualitative, exploratory and of descriptive type. An analysis of content and thematic of the corpuses was performed. Results: Show that by coexisting with a parent with SMD have negative as well as positive consequences. Among the negative consequences the following can be mentioned: distressing feelings, family burden and the delay of stages in the vital cycle. On the other hand, the positive consequences are related to the development of strengths in the offspring. Conclusions: These findings may provide inputs to be focused on the work with children of people affected by SMD.

Introducción. La experiencia de vivir con personas que presentan un Trastorno Mental Severo (TMS) es difícil para las familias, en especial para los hijos quienes han sido poco estudiados. El objetivo de la investigación fue conocer cómo la experiencia de haber vivido con un padre o madre con un trastorno mental severo influyó en la infancia, adolescencia y adultez joven de sus hijos e hijas. Método. Se analizan las experiencias de convivencia con un padre/madre con TMS en 10 hijos (6 hombres y 4 mujeres) de entre 18 y 29 años, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas individuales y una entrevista grupal. La muestra se obtuvo por conveniencia y todos los participantes vivieron al menos dos años seguidos durante su niñez con un padre o madre que presentaba un TMS. Respecto a los diagnósticos, cuatro progenitores tenían esquizofrenia y seis trastornos bipolares. El estudio es cualitativo, exploratorio, de tipo descriptivo. Se realizó un análisis de contenido y temático de los corpus. Resultados. Muestran que convivir con padre/madre con TMS tiene consecuencias negativas y positivas, entre las primeras están: sentimientos aflictivos, carga familiar y el retraso de etapas del ciclo vital, en tanto las segundas se refieren al desarrollo de fortalezas en los descendientes. Conclusiones. Estos hallazgos pueden entregar insumos para focalizar el trabajo con los hijos e hijas de personas con TMS.

Practices related to late-onset sepsis in very low-birth weight preterm infants / Práticas relacionadas à sepse tardia em prematuros de muito baixo peso

OBJECTIVE: To understand the practices related to late-onset sepsis (LOS) in the centers of the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network, and to propose strategies to reduce the incidence of LOS. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional descriptive multicenter study approved by the Ethics Committee. Three questionnaires regarding hand hygiene, vascular catheters, and diagnosis/treatment of LOS were sent to the coordinator of each center. The center with the lowest incidence of LOS was compared with the others. RESULTS: All 16 centers answered the questionnaires. Regarding hand hygiene, 87% use chlorhexidine or 70% alcohol; alcohol gel is used in 100%; 80% use bedside dispensers (50% had one dispenser for every two beds); practical training occurs in 100% and theoretical training in 70% of the centers, and 37% train once a year. Catheters: 94% have a protocol, and 75% have a line insertion team. Diagnosis/treatment: complete blood count and blood culture are used in 100%, PCR in 87%, hematological scores in 75%; oxacillin and aminoglycosides is the empirical therapy in 50% of centers. Characteristics of the center with lowest incidence of LOS: stricter hand hygiene; catheter insertion and maintenance groups; use of blood culture, PCR, and hematological score for diagnosis; empirical therapy with oxacillin and aminoglycoside. CONCLUSION: The knowledge of the practices of each center allowed for the identification of aspects to be improved as a strategy to reduce LOS, including: alcohol gel use, hand hygiene training, implementation of catheter teams, and wise use of antibiotic therapy. .

OBJETIVO: Conhecer as práticas relacionadas a sepse tardia (ST) nos centros da Rede Brasileira de Pesquisas Neonatais (RBPN) e propor estratégias para redução da ST. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, multicêntrico da RBPN, aprovado pelo CEP. Três questionários sobre higienização das mãos, cateteres vasculares e diagnóstico/tratamento da ST foram elaborados e enviados aos coordenadores de cada centro. O centro com a menor incidência de ST foi comparado aos demais. RESULTADOS: Todos os 16 centros responderam aos questionários. Quanto à higienização das mãos: 87% usam chlorhexidine ou álcool 70%; 100% álcool gel; almotolia/leito em 80% (50% dispõem de um dispensador para cada dois leitos); Treinamento prático ocorre em 100%, teórico em 70% dos centros e 37% treinam uma vez/ano. Cateteres: 94% têm protocolo para passagem, 75% grupo de inserção. Diagnóstico/tratamento: hemograma e hemocultura são usados em 100% dos centros; PCR em 87%; 75% usam escores hematológicos; oxacilina e aminoglicosídeo são usados como terapia empírica em 50% dos centros. Características do centro com menor incidência de ST: rigorosa higienização das mãos; grupos de inserção e manutenção de cateteres; uso de hemocultura, PCR e escores hematológicos para diagnóstico da ST; tratamento empírico com oxacilina e aminoglicosídeo. CONCLUSÕES: O conhecimento das práticas de cada centro permitiu identificar aspectos a serem aprimorados como estratégia para a redução da ST incluindo: uso de álcool gel, treinamento em higienização das mãos, implantação de grupos de cateteres e uso racional de antibióticos. .

Riesgos psicosociales en los hijos de personas con trastornos de salud mental / Psychosocial risk in the offspring of mental health patients

El presente trabajo entrega una visión panorámica de las dificultades que puede tener el adulto con patología psiquiátrica en la interacción con sus hijos. Se analizan diversos estudios que sugieren la mayor prevalencia de enfermedades mentales en estos niños. Se concluye que los hijos de personas con patología psiquiátrica constituyen una población de riesgo elevado de padecer enfermedad psiquiátrica, ya sea por su dotación genética o por los riesgos psicosociales a los que pueden verse expuestos como consecuencia de la patología psiquiátrica del padre o madre. Las patologías psiquiátricas que presentan tienden a ser variadas y no necesariamente igual a la patología del progenitor. Se destaca el rol del psiquiatra de adultos para detectar situaciones de riesgo y activar los distintos agentes de salud al servicio de la prevención y protección del desarrollo saludable de los niños. Se motiva a considerar en los casos de patología psiquiátrica severa de los padres la necesidad de que el otro progenitor o la familia extendida puedan suplir las carencias en periodos de crisis.

This paper provides an overview of the difficulties that can have an adult with psychiatric illness in interaction with their children. We analyzed several studies that suggest a higher prevalence of mental illness in these children. We conclude that children of people with psychiatric disorders constitute a population at high risk of developing psychiatric illness, either by their genetic or psychosocial risks that may be exposed as a consequence of psychiatric illness of a parent. The psychiatric disorders that occur tend to be varied and not necessarily the parent’s pathology. It highlights the role of adult psychiatrist to detect hazardous situations and trigger various health workers in the service of prevention and protection of children’s healthy development. Are encouraged to consider in cases of severe psychiatric pathology parents the need for the other parent or extended family to fill gaps in periods of crisis.

Lifetime psychopathology among the offspring of Bipolar I parents

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have demonstrated high rates of psychopathology in the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. The aim of this study was to identify psychiatric diagnoses in a sample of children of bipolar parents. METHOD: This case series comprised 35 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years, with a mean age of 12.5 + 2.9 years (20 males and 15 females), who had at least one parent with bipolar disorder type I. The subjects were assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Family psychiatric history and demographics were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the offspring studied, 71.4 percent had a lifetime diagnosis of at least one psychiatric disorder (28.6 percent with a mood disorder, 40 percent with a disruptive behavior disorder and 20 percent with an anxiety disorder). Pure mood disorders (11.4 percent) occurred less frequently than mood disorders comorbid with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (17.1 percent). Psychopathology was commonly reported in second-degree relatives of the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (71.4 percent). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support previous findings of an increased risk for developing psychopathology, predominantly mood and disruptive disorders, in the offspring of bipolar individuals. Prospective studies with larger samples are needed to confirm and expand these results.

The prevalence of psychopathology in offspring of bipolar women from a Brazilian tertiary center / Prevalência de psicopatologia em filhos de mulheres bipolares de um centro terciário brasileiro

OBJECTIVE: No previous study has assessed the occurrence of psychopathology in offspring of bipolar women from South America. The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of psychopathology in offspring of bipolar mothers from Brazil compared with two control groups. METHOD: Children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years of bipolar disorders mothers (n = 43), mothers with other mild to moderate mental disorders (n = 53) and mothers without any psychiatric disorder (n = 53) were evaluated using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia present and lifetime version, the Child Behavior Checklist and the Youth Self-Report. Raters were blind to the mothers' diagnoses, who were interviewed by means of the Structured Clinical Interview. RESULTS: Bipolar offspring had twice the chance of having one or more lifetime Axis I diagnoses [prevalence ratio = 2.11 (95 percent CI: 1.30-3.42) and p = 0.003] and 2.8 higher risk of having a lifetime anxiety disorder [prevalence ratio = 2.83 (95 percent CI: 1.39-5.78) e p = 0.004] than the offspring of mothers with no mental disorder. In addition, significantly higher scores on Child Behavior Checklist thought problems and Youth Self-Report social problems, as well as anxiety/depression and internalizing problems were observed. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm previous findings suggesting higher psychiatric problems in offspring of bipolar mothers and extend them to the Brazilian society

OBJETIVO: Considerando-se a inexistência de estudos avaliando a ocorrência de psicopatologia em filhos de mães bipolares na América do Sul, este se propõe a avaliar a prevalência de psicopatologia em filhos de mulheres bipolares comparado com dois grupos-controle. MÉTODO: Crianças e adolescentes de 6 a 18 anos de idade, filhos de mães com transtorno bipolar (n = 43), filhos de mães com outros transtornos psiquiátricos leve a moderados (n = 53) e filhos de mães sem nenhum diagnóstico psiquiátrico (n = 53) foram avaliados usando o Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia present and lifetime version, o Child Behavior Checklist e o Youth Self-Report por entrevistadores cegos ao diagnóstico das mães, as quais foram entrevistadas por meio do Structured Clinical Interview. RESULTADOS: Os filhos de mães bipolares tiveram duas vezes mais chance de ter um ou mais diagnósticos de Eixo I [Razão de Prevalência = 2,11 (95 por cento IC: 1,30-3,42) e p = 0,003] e 2,8 vezes maior risco de ter transtornos de ansiedade [Razão de prevalência = 2,83 (95 por cento IC: 1,39-5,78) e p = 0,004] ao longo da vida do que os filhos de mulheres sem transtorno mental, além de maiores escores na subescala de problemas de pensamento do Child Behavior Checklist e nas subescalas de problemas sociais, ansiedade/depressão e problemas de internalização do Youth Self-Report. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados confirmam os achados prévios da literatura internacional que sugerem mais problemas psiquiátricos em filhos de mães bipolares e os estendem para a cultura brasileira

Psychological problems in children of parents with mental illness: a comparative study from Lahore, Pakistan

Mental illness in parents and its link with adverse outcomes for children has been well reported in western literature, but there is a paucity of published studies from Pakistan on this issue. The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of psychological problems in children of parents having mental illness and to compare it with children of parents without any diagnosed psychiatric problems in urban area of a developing country. A case control study was conducted from January to April 2008 in Lahore. Following informed consent, cases were recruited through interviewing psychiatric patients. Controls were children of parents with no diagnosed psychiatric illness and were recruited through a school. A structured questionnaire for demographic information, and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire [SDQ] were filled in by parents. Seventy- six parents were recruited to get a sample of 200 children. [100 cases, 100 controls]. The mean age of children was 9.7 years and 111[55.5%] were boys. Children of parents with psychiatric problems had almost two times higher rate of mental health problems compared to controls [55% versus 28%; P value <0.001]. Emotional difficulties [P=0.028] and conduct problems [P=0.025] were found to be statistically significant. Boys were more likely to be hyperactive and have conduct and social difficulties. Girls had higher rates of emotional problems. Children of parents with mental illness are at much higher risk of childhood psychiatric problems. Risk was higher for males than females. Majority of parents had not sought any help for their children difficulties

Gender differences in aggressiveness in children and adolescents at risk for schizophrenia / Comportamentos agressivos em crianças e adolescentes com risco para esquizofrenia: diferenças entre gêneros

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate whether differences in aggression-related behavioral problems occur between boys and girls at high risk for schizophrenia living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. METHOD: Using the Child Behavior Checklist, we compared the prevalence of behavioral problems between genders for the offspring (6-18 years) of mothers with diagnosis of schizophrenia and a comparison group of children born to women with no severe mental disorders recruited at the gynecology outpatient clinic of the same hospital. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Patient Edition was applied for the evaluation of diagnostic status of mothers. RESULTS: Male children of women with schizophrenia had a lower prevalence of aggressive behavior compared to females (4 percent vs. 36 percent; p = 0.005), whereas no gender differences regarding aggression were detected in the comparison group (24 percent vs. 32 percent; p = 0.53). Logistic regression analyses showed that male gender and being a child of women with schizophrenia interacted so as to favor lower prevalence of aggressive behavior (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: These findings reinforce the notion that behavioral gender differences related to schizophrenia are already detectable in childhood.

OBJETIVO: Investigar diferenças da ocorrência de comportamentos agressivos entre crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino e feminino com risco genético para desenvolver esquizofrenia. MÉTODO: A prevalência de comportamentos agressivos foi medida utilizando o inventário de comportamentos para crianças e adolescentes, Child Behavior Checklist, e comparada entre os gêneros para o grupo de crianças filhas de mulheres com esquizofrenia e para um grupo de crianças filhas de mulheres atendidas no serviço de ginecologia do mesmo hospital. A entrevista clínica estruturada para DSM-IV (The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders Patient Edition) foi utilizada para confirmar o diagnóstico materno. RESULTADOS: Os filhos de mulheres com esquizofrenia do sexo masculino apresentaram prevalência menor de comportamentos agressivos quando comparados às meninas (4 por cento x 36 por cento; p = 0,005), o que não ocorreu para o grupo comparativo (24 por cento x 32 por cento; p = 0,53). A análise de regressão logística mostrou que pertencer ao sexo masculino e ser filho de mulher com esquizofrenia interagiram de forma a favorecer menor prevalência de comportamentos agressivos (p = 0,03). CONCLUSÃO: Esses achados corroboram para a noção que as diferenças comportamentais entre os gêneros na esquizofrenia podem ser detectadas precocemente durante a infância.

Lifestyle changes in descendants of parents with diabetes type 2 / Cambio en los patrones de vida en descendientes de progenitores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 del noreste de Mexico / Mudança em os padrões de vida em descendentes de progenitores com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 do nordeste do México

This study aimed to explore the disposition of diabetic parents' descendents in changing eating and physical activity patterns. It was based on the heritability concept and Prochaska's Transtheoretical Model. This is a descriptive-correlational study; participants included 30 parents, randomly selected, and 60 children. Results and conclusion: 68 percent of the children was classified as obese, 42 percent with insulin resistance, and 15 percent with carbohydrate intolerance. None of the risk factors was associated with the stages of change. The heritability factor was 1.37 percent; more people younger than 40 and women report decreasing in the consumption of fat food (Xi² = 6.04, p = .020; and 4.41, p = .040, respectively). These results suggest a high influence of environmental factors on the participants' unhealthy life styles.

El objetivo general del estudio fue explorar la disposición al cambio de patrones alimentarios y actividad física en descendientes de progenitores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2), aplicando un diseño descriptivo correlacional. La base teórica la constituyó el componente genético heredabilidad (h²) y el Modelo Transteorético de Prochaska; participaron 30 progenitores con DMT2 y 60 descendientes. Resultados y Conclusión: El 68 por ciento de los descendientes fueron obesos, 60 por ciento con riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular, 42 por ciento con resistencia a la insulina (RI) y 15 por ciento intolerantes a la glucosa; ninguno de los factores de riesgo se asoció con las etapas de cambio. El componente genético para RI fue mínimo (h² = 1.37 por ciento). Una mayor proporción de menores de 40 años (p = .020) y de mujeres "contemplan" disminuir el consumo de grasas (p = .040). Estos resultados sugieren un mayor peso de factores del medio ambiente sobre el estilo de vida nocivo de los participantes.

O objetivo geral do estudo foi explorar à disposição à mudança dos padrões alimentares e atividade física nos descendentes de progenitores com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Aplicou-se un desenho descritivo correlacionar. A base teórica constituiu-se pelo Componente Genético (h²) e o Modelo Transteorético de Prochaska. Participaram 30 progenitores com DMT2 e 60 descendentes. Resultados e Conclusões: O 68 por cento dos descendentes presentaram obesidade, 60 por cento com risco de doença cardiovascular, 42 por cento com resistência à insulina (RI) e 15 por cento intolerância à glucose; nenhum dos fatores de risco associaram-se com as etapas de mudança. O componente genético para RI foi mínimo (h² = 1.37 por cento). Uma maior proporcão dos menores de 40 anos (Xi² = 6.04, p = .020) e das mulheres (Xi² = 4.41, p=.040) contemplam diminuir o consumo de gorduras. Os resultados sugerem um maior peso dos fatores do meio ambiente sobre o estilo de vida nocivo dos participantes.

¿Cómo es la salud mental de los hijos de madres deprimidas consultantes a servicios de atención primaria? / Psychopathology and social functioning among offspring of depressed women

Background: Offspring of depressive parents have two times more risk of developing a depression, other psychiatric diseases or a poor social functioning. Aim: To assess psychopathology and social functioning among offspring of currently depressed mothers. Material and methods: We enrolled 290 depressed mother-child pairs in five primary-care clinics in Santiago. A two-stage screening process to identify female primary-care patients with current major depressive illness with children aged 6-16 years, was used. AH eligible and consenting patients were asked to complete the general health questionnaire (GHQ-12). Those scoring 5 or more were invited to participate in a baseline assessment. The final sample consisted of 290 mother-child pairs. Patients with a current DSM-IV diagnosis of major depression were eligible unless they had current psychotic symptoms, imminent suicide risk, history of mania, or current alcohol abuse. Child psychopathology was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), a highly reliable and widely used parent-rated checklist to assess competencies and behavioural and emotional problems in children 4 to 18 years of age. Results: Fifty percent (95 percent confidence interval (CI): 43.9-55.7) of children had overall CBCL psychopathology scores in clinical range. Internalizing symptoms were more prevalent than externalizing symptoms (62.2 percent [9596CI: 56.3-67.8] and 35.7 percent [9596CI: 30.2-41.5]. Conclusions: A large proportion of children of depressed poor mothers attending primary care clinics in Chile, had psychopathological symptom scores in the clinical range, with a predominance of internalizing symptoms. These results are similar to those previously reported in the United States of America.

Gender-related pathways for behavior problems in the offspring of alcoholic fathers

The objective of the present study was to examine gender differences in the influence of paternal alcoholism on children's social-emotional development and to determine whether paternal alcoholism is associated with a greater number of externalizing symptoms in the male offspring. From the Mannheim Study of Risk Children, an ongoing longitudinal study of a high-risk population, the developmental data of 219 children [193 (95 boys and 98 girls) of non-alcoholic fathers, non-COAs, and 26 (14 boys, 12 girls) of alcoholic fathers, COAs] were analyzed from birth to the age of 11 years. Paternal alcoholism was defined according to the ICD-10 categories of alcohol dependence and harmful use. Socio-demographic data, cognitive development, number and severity of behavior problems, and gender-related differences in the rates of externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed using standardized instruments (IQ tests, Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire and diagnostic interviews). The general linear model analysis revealed a significant overall effect of paternal alcoholism on the number of child psychiatric problems (F = 21.872, d.f. = 1.217, P < 0.001). Beginning at age 2, significantly higher numbers of externalizing symptoms were observed among COAs. In female COAs, a pattern similar to that of the male COAs emerged, with the predominance of delinquent and aggressive behavior. Unlike male COAs, females showed an increase of internalizing symptoms up to age 11 years. Of these, somatic complaints revealed the strongest discriminating effect in 11-year-old females. Children of alcoholic fathers are at high risk for psychopathology. Gender-related differences seem to exist and may contribute to different phenotypes during development from early childhood to adolescence.

Self-concept, academic performance and behavioral evaluation of the children of alcoholic parents

OBJETIVO: A literatura vem mostrando que ser filho de alcoolista é um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de alcoolismo na idade adulta. Além do sofrimento ocasionado pela convivência com pais alcoolistas, essa condicão implica em outras vulnerabilidades para as criancas, como baixo autoconceito, mau desempenho escolar e problemas de comportamento. Este trabalho propõe-se a avaliar comparativamente criancas, filhos de alcoolistas (FA), e filhos de não-alcoolistas (FNA) com relacão às variáveis acima citadas. MÉTODOS: O estudo baseia-se na comparacão entre grupos, com delineamento denominado quasi experimental. Selecionaram-se dois grupos de 20 criancas, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 10 e 12 anos, sendo um dos grupos composto por filhos de alcoolistas e o outro por filhos de não-alcoolistas. Estas criancas foram submetidas à avaliacão do autoconceito por meio da Escala Infantil Piers-Harris de Autoconceito e do desempenho escolar por meio do Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE). As mães destas criancas participaram do estudo respondendo a questões relativas ao comportamento de seus filhos, por meio da Escala Comportamental Infantil A2 de Rutter. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram que filhos de alcoolistas tendem a ter um autoconceito mais negativo e um desempenho escolar inferior nas tarefas de leitura e aritmética quando comparados a filhos de não-alcoolistas. Quanto à percepcão das mães, filhos de alcoolistas apresentam mais problemas de comportamento que filhos de não-alcoolistas. CONCLUSÕES: Concluiu-se que os resultados deste trabalho corroboram os de outros estudos e chamam a atencão para a necessidade de se atentar para possíveis vulnerabilidades das criancas filhas de alcoolistas, sobretudo, para tentar minimizá-las alterando a trajetória do sofrimento psicológico, que pode marcar suas vidas.

The Effects of a Stress Management Program on Mental Health and the Coping Behavior for the Children of Alcoholics / 간호학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a stress management program on mental health and coping behavior for children of alcoholics. METHOD: Data was collected from January to February, 2003. The subjects were 20 adolescents from 13 to 18 years old. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test with the SAS program. RESULT: There were statistically significant differences in mental health, active coping, positive cognitive restructuring, and support-seeking for problem solving between the experimental group and the control group. CONCLUSION: The stress management program helped children of alcoholics by enhancing self-esteem, providing information about alcohol, and improving emotional and problem focused coping abilities. This eventually enhanced mental health.

Factores protectores y de riesgo en hijos de padres con trastornos afectivos, neuróticos y normales / Protective and risk factors in sons of parents with affective and neurotic disorders and healthy parents

Se evaluaron factores protectores y de riesgo en escolares y adolescentes que estaban en un contexto de alto riesgo para su salud mental, siendo hijos de padres con trastorno bipolar o con neurosis. Estos dos grupos se compararon con una muestra de escolares y adolescentes de población normal. Los factores evaluados fueron expectativas escolares, rendimiento escolar, inserción en el colegio, destrezas sociales, pertenencia a grupos, conductas de riesgo social, riesgos sexual y de consumo de drogas y alcohol, autoestima, destrezas en resolución de problemas, factores familiares y maltrato. Se encontró que los sujetos en los distintos contextos de crianza diferían en estos factores y que la familia como factor social y la autoestima como factor individual constituían ejes centrales en la resiliencia (adaptabilidad) o vulnerabilidad del hijo

Violencia familiar y su impacto sobre el niño / Family violence and his impact in children

La violencia en el interior de la familia es frecuente en nuestra sociedad. Los niños suelen ser testigos y víctimas de diferentes tipos de maltrato (físico, emocional y sexual), que le afectan directa e indirectamente y cuyos efectos pueden estar presentes a lo largo de toda la vida o incluso ser transferidos a generaciones posteriores. Un conocimiento mas profundo de ella puede ayudar a los profesionales a contribuir en mejorar la calidad de vida de estos niños y sus familias

Role of the family in drug abuse.

A simple random survey of 9863 population out of the total 70,000 population is one slum pocket of Bombay revealed drug dependence in 104 persons. Out of 104, 83.65% smoked 'brown sugar' 10.68% used cannabis and 5.77% opium. Most of the addicts (95.2%) belonged to large families. Family history of alcoholism and drug abuse was present in 41.35%. Parental deprivation was additional contributing factor in 30.7%.